Contrast Enhanced MRA, Gadolinium Based Contrast Agents | MR angiography | MRI Physics Course #27

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Until now we've discussed non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography techniques. Now we will review contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography.

Gadolinium is used as the basis for most contrast agents in MRI. The seven unpaired electrons within the 4f orbital have non-zero spin values and therefore have a magnetic moment when placed in an external magnetic field. As a result gadolinium is paramagnetic. In high concentrations gadolinium drastically shortens the T1 time constant by increasing spin lattice interactions. This means the longitudinal magnetisation is recovered rapidly.

In pulse sequences with short TR and TE values and larger flip angles, tissues without gadolinium will become saturated. Tissues with gadolinium will recover much of their longitudinal magnetisation prior to the next RF pulse (TR) and therefore, retain a larger transverse magnetistion vector. This is the basis for the bright signal in blood vessels in CE MRA.

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